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To extract the intracellular metabolites, 50 mg of microbe was suspended in 1ml of pure methanol. The samples were homogenized for 10 min using a mixer mill, followed by sonication for 10 min at room temperature. After centrifugation at 15,000 ×g for 10 min at 4°C, the supernatant was carefully collected and concentrated using a speed vacuum. The dried extract was reconstituted in 100% methanol to achieve a final concentration of 4 mg/ml. A 100 μl aliquot was transferred into a vial for subsequent mass spectrometry analysis.

ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm particle size; Waters Co., MA, USA) and a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water (solvent A) and ACN (solvent B). A solvent gradient (vol. %) as follows: 0–1 min, 5% B; 1–10 min, 5–100% B; 10–11 min, 100% B; 11–13 min, 100–5% B; and 13–15 min, 5% B.

LC was conducted using a Vanquish Core UHPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and mass spectra were acquired using an Orbitrap Exploris 120 Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific).