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The sample preparation process was as follows. Prepared samples were placed in 2 mL microtubes, and 1 mL of methanol:water:chloroform (2.5:1:1, v/v/v) containing 0.060 mL of 200 ppm ribitol as an internal standard was added for the extraction of primary metabolites. The mixture was centrifuged at 16,000 × g for 5 min at 4 °C, and 0.8 mL of the supernatant was transferred to a new tube. Then, 0.4 mL of distilled water was added, mixed thoroughly, and centrifuged again under the same conditions. Subsequently, 0.9 mL of the upper phase was transferred to a new tube and concentrated using a vacuum concentrator and a freeze dryer. , Secondary lipophilic metabolites including policosanols, tocopherols, and sterols were extracted according to the protocol described by Jung et al. (2022). For the extraction, approximately 10 mg of freeze-dried pea sprout powder was mixed with 50 µL of 5α-cholestane (10 µg/mL) and 3 mL of 0.1% (w/v) ascorbic acid in ethanol. The mixture was placed in a water bath at 85 °C for 10 min, after which 120 µL 80% (w/v) potassium hydroxide was added to initiate saponification. The samples were heated for an additional 10 min at 85 °C, and then cooled on ice for 5 min. Subsequently, 1.5 mL each of hexane and water were added, and the mixture was centrifuged at 1,200 × g for 5 min at 4 °C using a centrifugal concentrator (MX-307; TOMY, Tokyo, Japan). The supernatant was transferred into a fresh tube, and the extraction was repeated with an additional 1.5 mL of hexane. The combined hexane extract (3 mL) was concentrated to dryness using a vacuum concentrator (VS-801F; Vision Bionex, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea). , Secondary lipophilic metabolites including policosanols, tocopherols, and sterols were extracted according to the protocol described by Jung et al. (2022). For the extraction, approximately 10 mg of freeze-dried pea sprout powder was mixed with 50 µL of 5α-cholestane (10 µg/mL) and 3 mL of 0.1% (w/v) ascorbic acid in ethanol. The mixture was placed in a water bath at 85 °C for 10 min, after which 120 µL 80% (w/v) potassium hydroxide was added to initiate saponification. The samples were heated for an additional 10 min at 85 °C, and then cooled on ice for 5 min. Subsequently, 1.5 mL each of hexane and water were added, and the mixture was centrifuged at 1,200 × g for 5 min at 4 °C using a centrifugal concentrator (MX-307; TOMY, Tokyo, Japan). The supernatant was transferred into a fresh tube, and the extraction was repeated with an additional 1.5 mL of hexane. The combined hexane extract (3 mL) was concentrated to dryness using a vacuum concentrator (VS-802F; Vision Bionex, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea).

Instrumental analysis was performed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. For chromatographic separation, a GC–TOF–MS system equipped with a CP-Sil 8 CB Low Bleed/MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm film thickness; CP 5860, Agilent) was used. The column oven temperature was initially set at 80 °C and then increased to 320 °C at a rate of 15 °C min⁻¹. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL min⁻¹, and samples were analyzed in split mode with a split ratio of 1:25. For mass spectrometric detection, the injector temperature was set to 230 °C, while the ion source and transfer line temperatures were maintained at 250 °C and 280 °C, respectively. , For separation, a GCMS-QP2010 Ultra system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an Rtx-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm i.d.; Restek, Bellefonte, USA) was used, and 1 µL aliquots were injected at a split ratio of 1:10. Helium gas was flown at a constant rate of 1 mL/min. The inlet temperature was set at 290 °C. The initial oven temperature was 150 °C for 2 min, ramped to 320 °C at 15 °C/min, and maintained for 10 min. The ion source and interface temperatures were 230 °C and 280 °C, respectively.

The mass scan range was set to 85–600 m/z, and data were acquired at a rate of 10 spectra per second. , The mass scan range was set to 85–600 m/z, and data were acquired at a rate of 20 spectra per second.