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We prepared a mixture for each type of jang by pooling 100 mg or 100 µL of each sample. Each pooled sample of 500 mg or 500 µL was aliquoted into a 2 mL Eppendorf tube (e-tube), and 1 mL methanol containing an internal standard (2-Chloro-L-phenylalanine, 0.01 mg/mL) was added. The samples were homogenized using a Mixer Mill (Retsch GmbH & Co., Germany) at 30 Hz for 10 min and sonicated for 5 min. The samples were centrifuged at 17,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatants were filtered using a 0.2 µm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter (Hyundai micro, Ansung, Republic of Korea). The filtered samples were dried using a speed vacuum concentrator (Biotron, Seoul, Republic of Korea) for a day and redissolved in methanol to a final concentration of 10 mg/mL.

For ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS) analysis, extracts were diluted to 2 mg/mL and filtered through 0.2 µm PTFE filters. The extracts were analyzed using Orbitrap Exploris 120 (Thermo Fischer Scientific) equipped with a Vanquish Binary Pump C (Thermo Fisher Scientific), coupled with an autosampler and an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (1.8 µm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm; Waters Corp., Miliford, MA, USA) for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). Separation was performed at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min using a solvent gradient (vol. %) as follows: 0–1 min, 5% B; 1–10 min, 5–100% B; 10–11 min, 100% B; 11–13 min, 100–5% B; and 13–15 min, 5% B. The injection volume was 5 µL, and the column temperature was maintained at 40 °C. Mass spectra were acquired using electrospray ionization in both positive and negative ion modes, with tandem mass scan modes within a range of 100–1,500 m/z. The operating parameters were as follows: spray voltage, 3.5 kV in positive mode and 2.8 kV in negative mode; ion transfer tube temperature, 320 °C; vaporizer temperature, 300 °C; radio frequency (RF) lens level, 70%; and resolution, 60,000. All analyses were performed in random order to reduce bias. , An Agilent 7890A GC system (Agilent Technology, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an Agilent 7693 autosampler (Agilent Technology) and a Pegasus HT TOF-MS system (LECO, St. Joseph, MI, USA) was used. An Rtx-5MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA, USA) was used with helium as the carrier gas at a 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The GC column oven temperature was set to 75 °C for 2 min, increased to 300 °C at a rate of 15 °C/min, and maintained at 300 °C for 3 min.

For ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS) analysis, extracts were diluted to 2 mg/mL and filtered through 0.2 µm PTFE filters. The extracts were analyzed using Orbitrap Exploris 120 (Thermo Fischer Scientific) equipped with a Vanquish Binary Pump C (Thermo Fisher Scientific), coupled with an autosampler and an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (1.8 µm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm; Waters Corp., Miliford, MA, USA) for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). Separation was performed at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min using a solvent gradient (vol. %) as follows: 0–1 min, 5% B; 1–10 min, 5–100% B; 10–11 min, 100% B; 11–13 min, 100–5% B; and 13–15 min, 5% B. The injection volume was 5 µL, and the column temperature was maintained at 40 °C. Mass spectra were acquired using electrospray ionization in both positive and negative ion modes, with tandem mass scan modes within a range of 100–1,500 m/z. The operating parameters were as follows: spray voltage, 3.5 kV in positive mode and 2.8 kV in negative mode; ion transfer tube temperature, 320 °C; vaporizer temperature, 300 °C; radio frequency (RF) lens level, 70%; and resolution, 60,000. All analyses were performed in random order to reduce bias. , Operating parameters were as follows: split ratio, 15:1; detector voltage, 2065 V; mass spectra, 50–600 m/z; injector and ion source temperatures, 250 °C. All analyses were performed in triplicate in random order to reduce bias.